Performance improvements for the all-copper redox flow battery: Membranes, electrodes, and electrolytes

The ever-increasing demand for renewable energy storage has led to the development of many systems, such as redox flow batteries (RFBs), including vanadium, iron–chromium, and copper battery (CuRFB). A multitude materials electrolytes have been investigated improve performance CuRFB using an in-house manufactured cell. Using carbon ink coatings negative electrode modern ion exchange membranes (IEMs), this version was improved current efficiencies above 95% with high voltage up 81%, thereby improving efficiency by nearly 9% over previous state art at 20 mA cm?2. Additionally, operating time significantly extended 210 h operation (50 cycles), 32% capacity remaining, without maintenance. Finally, stability new system IEMs proven 1200 operation, 300 charge discharge cycles performed.